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Helium is a colorless, odorless, tasteless inert gas that is the Universe’s second lightest element (only hydrogen is lighter). It is the only gas with a lower melting point than absolute zero. Helium is used in liquid-fueled rockets, as a cooling medium for magnets in MRI scanners and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers, as an inert shield in welding, and to inflate blimps and party balloons. It is also the preferred choice as a pressure transmitting medium in high-pressure experiments with diamond anvil cells because it can be used to render the sample pressure hydrostatic.
Hardness is the ability of a material to withstand loads tending to elongate. It is a material property that can be measured by non-destructive tests, such as nano-indentation, and mechanical properties measurements, such as tensile stress and yield strength.
The hardness of helium is N/A. It has a Young’s modulus of elasticity of N/A. It has a bulk modulus of elasticity of N/A and a shear modulus of elasticity of N/A.
Helium can be infused into tungsten to mitigate damage incurred in fusion reactors during plasma irradiation. In a recent study on 3000 atoms/mg of helium-implanted tungsten, large increases in hardness were observed, along with substantial pile-up and slip steps around Berkovich indents. Laue diffraction measurements of the deformation microstructure revealed that the helium-induced changes were mainly due to a reduction in the thermal diffusivity and a change in the defect microstructure. The results are reassuringly similar to those observed in pure tungsten.