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Lithium is a soft, silvery white metal of Group 1 (alkali) in the periodic table. Despite being the lightest of the solid elements, lithium is highly reactive. It combines with several compounds to form salts and is found in brine deposits and as the component of mineral springs. Lithium is also obtained from pegmatite ores such as spodumene and lepidolite, and as the positive electrode in lithium-ion batteries.
In the form of a carbonate, it is used as a pharmaceutical and is also employed in ceramic and glass industries and for metallurgical applications. Lithium carbonate has a body centred cubic crystal structure and is soluble in dilute acid. It is also a key ingredient of the cathodes in lithium-ion batteries such as the NMC111, NMC442, NMC532 and LFP lithium batteries.
It is not a very popular drug as it can produce a host of side effects such as drowsiness, sedation, nausea, and dehydration. The drug interferes with a hormone that helps the kidneys reabsorb water from urine. This can cause dehydration and, over time, may lead to a severe form of mental illness known as lithium intoxication.
In addition, extended use of the drug can cause a rare birth defect called Ebstein’s anomaly. Although some human case reports and exposure-based cohort studies have shown an association between maternal lithium use and Ebstein’s anomaly, the mechanism of action is not fully understoodLabel. It is thought that it may be due to altered ion transport or inhibition of adenyl cyclase, influencing nerve excitation and synaptic transmission.