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Silicon carbide (SiC) is a hard and strong non-oxide ceramic material that can be used in a wide variety of applications. It has high melting and sublimation points, so it can resist extreme temperatures. It also has excellent creep resistance and thermal conductivity. It has many industrial applications, including abrasives (in loose form for lapping and mixed with binders for making abrasive sticks or sheets) and refractory linings for furnaces. It is also useful for cutting and grinding tools, as well as abrasive grit for sandpapers. Silicon carbide is an important material for the manufacture of semiconductors and light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
It can be produced in a number of ways, depending on what type of SiC is required for a particular application. For example, reaction-bonded SiC is produced by mixing powdered carbon and a plasticizer, forming the mixture into the desired shape, burning off the plasticizer, and then infusing the fired object with gaseous or molten silicon, which reacts with the powdered SiC to form additional material. Another technique is chemical vapour deposition, wherein a vapor of SiC crystals can be deposited on a substrate, such as a silicon wafer, for fabrication into solid-state devices.
Inhalation of silicon carbide can cause fibrosis of the lungs in laboratory animals, leading to progressive disease. It is also a suspected carcinogen. It can irritate the skin and eyes, but is not absorbed through the digestive tract. It is toxic in large doses and can be fatal if inhaled in a concentrated form.